If set, remaining balance is due as a lump sum at this point.
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Introduction
Seller carry financing — also called owner financing or a purchase money mortgage — removes the bank from the transaction entirely. The seller extends credit directly to the buyer, receiving monthly payments of principal and interest instead of a lump sum at closing. For buyers who cannot qualify for conventional financing, or investors seeking deals in a 7% rate environment, seller carry at a negotiated 5% to 6% is a meaningful cost reduction. For sellers, it converts a taxable lump-sum capital gain into an installment sale, potentially spreading tax liability across years under IRS Section 453. According to the IRS Publication 537 on Installment Sales, installment sale reporting can defer federal capital gains tax proportionally to the amount received each year. The structure is powerful but the terms require precise modeling — interest rate, amortization or balloon period, down payment, and lien position all affect risk and return for both parties. This calculator models the full payment structure, total interest paid, balloon balance, and effective yield for the seller-lender.
What This Calculator Does
This seller carry financing calculator models the complete payment structure of an owner-financed real estate transaction. Enter the sale price, down payment, seller carry loan amount, interest rate, amortization term, and balloon payment period. The calculator returns the monthly payment, amortization schedule summary, balloon balance at the end of the balloon period, total interest earned by the seller over the carry period, and the effective yield to the seller on their receivable investment.
The Formula
The monthly payment uses the standard amortization formula where P is the loan principal (sale price minus down payment), r is the monthly interest rate (annual rate divided by 12), and n is the full amortization term in months. If a balloon payment is specified, the loan amortizes at the full term payment amount but the entire remaining balance becomes due at the end of the balloon period. The balloon balance equals the principal remaining after the specified number of payments.
Step-by-Step Example
Structure the loan terms
Sale price $325,000. Buyer puts 10% down ($32,500). Seller carry loan: $292,500 at 6.0% interest, 30-year amortization schedule, 7-year balloon.
Calculate monthly payment
Monthly P&I on $292,500 at 6.0% / 30 years: $292,500 x [0.005 x (1.005)^360] / [(1.005)^360 - 1] = $1,754/month.
Calculate balloon balance at year 7
After 84 payments of $1,754, the remaining principal balance (balloon due) is approximately $272,400. The buyer must refinance or pay this amount in full at month 84.
Calculate seller yield and total interest
Over 7 years: 84 payments x $1,754 = $147,336 total received. Of this, $292,500 - $272,400 = $20,100 is principal recovered. Total interest earned: $127,236. Seller's effective yield on $292,500: 6.0% (matches the stated rate with standard amortization).
Real-World Use Cases
Buyer Who Cannot Qualify for Conventional Financing
A self-employed investor with 18 months of business history cannot document 2 years of income required for conventional underwriting. The seller agrees to carry $280,000 at 6.5% with a 5-year balloon, giving the buyer time to season their income and refinance into a conventional loan while closing the deal today.
Seller Installment Sale Tax Deferral
A seller with a $180,000 capital gain on a rental property considers carrying $240,000 of the $320,000 sale price. Under IRS Section 453, they report only the portion of gain received each year rather than the entire gain in year one. With a $64,000 down payment (20%), the year-one gain recognition is approximately 20% of the total gain — $36,000 rather than $180,000.
Below-Market Rate as Buyer Incentive
A seller in a slow market offers 5.5% seller carry versus the 7.0% conventional rate to attract qualified buyers. On a $280,000 carry at 5.5% vs. 7.0%, the buyer saves $242/month — a compelling incentive that allows the seller to achieve full asking price rather than discounting.
Comparison
| Carry Amount | Rate | Amort Term | Balloon | Monthly Payment | Balloon Balance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| $250,000 | 6.0% | 30 years | 5 years | $1,499 | $237,800 |
| $250,000 | 6.0% | 30 years | 10 years | $1,499 | $222,400 |
| $300,000 | 5.5% | 30 years | 7 years | $1,703 | $277,500 |
| $300,000 | 7.0% | 30 years | 5 years | $1,996 | $285,700 |
| $200,000 | 6.0% | 20 years | 5 years | $1,432 | $183,900 |
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Not recording the deed of trust or mortgage with the county. Seller carry financing requires a recorded lien to be enforceable and to protect the seller's security interest. An unrecorded note is essentially an unsecured loan against the property — if the buyer refinances or sells without disclosing the carry note, the seller has no protection.
Setting a balloon period without confirming the buyer can refinance. A 5-year balloon assumes the buyer will qualify for conventional financing in year 5. If credit markets tighten or the buyer's financial situation changes, the balloon can force a default. Negotiate a balloon extension right or longer amortization period as a safeguard.
Underpricing the interest rate relative to default risk. Seller carry is typically unseasoned credit to an unvetted borrower — it carries higher risk than a bank's underwritten loan. Pricing it below the conventional rate without compensating due diligence or a large down payment understates the credit risk to the seller.
Ignoring the due-on-sale clause in the seller's existing mortgage. If the seller has an outstanding mortgage on the property with a due-on-sale clause, transferring the property via seller carry may trigger immediate acceleration of their existing loan. The seller's property should be free and clear or the existing lender must consent.
Frequently Asked Questions
Accuracy and Disclaimer
This calculator provides estimates for informational purposes only. Seller carry financing involves complex legal, tax, and lending considerations. All seller carry transactions should be documented by a licensed real estate attorney. Tax implications of installment sales vary by individual circumstances — consult a CPA or tax advisor. This calculator does not constitute legal or tax advice.
Conclusion
Seller carry financing requires proper legal documentation — a promissory note, deed of trust or mortgage, and a recorded lien — to be enforceable. Always work with a real estate attorney for the paperwork. For buyers, combine this analysis with the Mortgage Payment Calculator to compare seller carry against conventional financing at current rates. For sellers evaluating the installment sale tax benefit, consult a CPA alongside the Capital Gains Tax Calculator before agreeing to terms.
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